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The procedure that involves the surgical removal of plaque deposits or blood clots in an artery is known as endarterectomy. This surgical technique is commonly performed to clear narrowed arteries caused by atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of fatty deposits, plaques, and clots that can restrict blood flow.

During an endarterectomy, the surgeon makes an incision in the artery and carefully removes the accumulated plaque material from the inner wall of the artery. This process helps restore adequate blood flow and can reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events such as stroke or heart attack.

In contrast, coronary bypass surgery redirects blood flow around blocked arteries, while angioplasty involves using a balloon to open a narrowed artery without removing plaque. Stenting is often performed during or after angioplasty to keep the artery open, but does not involve the surgical removal of any material. Therefore, endarterectomy is specifically designed for the removal of blockages within the arterial structure, making it the correct answer.